ERP117431 PRJEB34516 ena-STUDY-UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN-20-09-2019-14:29:15:633-132 Analysis of Within-host Evolution of Plasmodium falciparum during treatment with Artemisinin Combination Therapies.This study looks and the evolutionary processes of Plasmodium falciparum within the human host during treatment with the ACT drugs. Background: Antimalarial drugs impose strong selective pressure on P. falciparum parasite genomes leaving behind signatures of selection. The evolutionary basis of drug-resistant malaria in endemic and epidemic settings remains an ongoing scientific priority whose solution carries a significant effect on treatment outcomes.Methods: We used various approaches to test the neutral models of evolution using P. falciparum genomic data which were collected from Kombewa (0.1078o S,34.4864o E) and Maseno (0.0067oS,34.59.85oE) in Kisumu, Kenya between 2013 and 2015. The Synonymous/Non-synonymous ratio was used to predict the effect of selection on protein-coding loci of the Pfk13 gene. A logistic regression model was used to test the association between IC50s and the SNPs. mCSM and SDM were used to detect the effects of mutations on the Pfk13 gene. Microsatellite analyzer and Customized R scripts with the relevant population genetics packages were used to calculate FST and analyze Population differentiation.Results: For samples collected in 2013, Tajima's D genomic summary statistic was 4.53194, Fu & Li D* 2.13380, and Fu &Li F* 3.62142. However, in 2015 Tajima's D was -2.42910, Fu and Li's D* -5.2712, and Fu and Li's F* -5.0045. The dN/dS in 2013 was 1.0299, while in 2015 dN/dS was 2.6884. Kenyan P. falciparum SNPs occur on the intra or inter-blade domains on the PfK13 propeller domain. The F¬ST analysis showed minimal population differentiation of the parasites during treatment. There was no significant association between SNPs and IC50 values but SNPs at codon D547E showed association with Artesunate and D559E with AQ and MQ IC50 respectively.Conclusion: Even though there is an exponential increase in the number of non-synonymous point mutations in the Pfk13 gene, the Kenyan P. falciparum strains remain sensitive to ACT drugs. Further research needs to be done by deep sequencing this location of chromosome 13 as it will provide more power for finding novel SNPs for further validation. Within-Host evolution of plasmodium falciparum Background: Antimalarial drugs impose strong selective pressure on P. falciparum parasite genomes leaving behind signatures of selection. The evolutionary basis of drug-resistant malaria in endemic and epidemic settings remains an ongoing scientific priority whose solution carries a significant effect on treatment outcomes.Methods: We used various approaches to test the neutral models of evolution using P. falciparum genomic data which were collected from Kombewa (0.1078o S,34.4864o E) and Maseno (0.0067oS,34.59.85oE) in Kisumu, Kenya between 2013 and 2015. The Synonymous/Non-synonymous ratio was used to predict the effect of selection on protein-coding loci of the Pfk13 gene. A logistic regression model was used to test the association between IC50s and the SNPs. mCSM and SDM were used to detect the effects of mutations on the Pfk13 gene. Microsatellite analyzer and Customized R scripts with the relevant population genetics packages were used to calculate FST and analyze Population differentiation.Results: For samples collected in 2013, Tajima's D genomic summary statistic was 4.53194, Fu & Li D* 2.13380, and Fu &Li F* 3.62142. However, in 2015 Tajima's D was -2.42910, Fu and Li's D* -5.2712, and Fu and Li's F* -5.0045. The dN/dS in 2013 was 1.0299, while in 2015 dN/dS was 2.6884. Kenyan P. falciparum SNPs occur on the intra or inter-blade domains on the PfK13 propeller domain. The F¬ST analysis showed minimal population differentiation of the parasites during treatment. There was no significant association between SNPs and IC50 values but SNPs at codon D547E showed association with Artesunate and D559E with AQ and MQ IC50 respectively.Conclusion: Even though there is an exponential increase in the number of non-synonymous point mutations in the Pfk13 gene, the Kenyan P. falciparum strains remain sensitive to ACT drugs. Further research needs to be done by deep sequencing this location of chromosome 13 as it will provide more power for finding novel SNPs for further validation. ENA-FIRST-PUBLIC 2019-09-30 ENA-LAST-UPDATE 2019-09-20