| description |
Samples of bile were donated by 56 residents of the Tomsk region of western Siberia, Russia. The microbiome of these samples of bile was investigated using high throughput Illumina based nucleotide sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene of prokaryotes, while cross-platform mass spectrometry was deployed to examine the metabolome of these biles. Bacteriobilia accompanied gall bladder disease and infection with Opisthorchis felineus. Numerous species of bacteria were deteted in all 56 bile samples, , although differences in the microbiota were evident in the presence of O. felineus. Increased diversity of microbial species was evident during infection (alpha diversity). At the level of phylum, bile from cases with opisthorchiasis showed greater numbers of Synergistetes, Spirochaetes, Planctomycetes and Gemmatimonadetes. Numbers of > 20 other microbes differed in bile of the infected compared to non-infected people, including the species-level bacterial phylotypes Paracoccus marcusii, Rothia dentocariosa, Parabacteroides distasonis and several Archaeans that were seen only in the liver fluke infected bile. |